6^th International Congress on Bacteriology & Infectious Diseases May 21-22, 2018 New York, USA

The oral cavity contains some of the most varied and vast flora in the entire human body and is the main entrance for two systems vital to human function and physiology, the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. Oral cavity may create foci of infection that can affect many other vital systems, such as the cardiovascular and renal systems. Foci of infection in the oral cavity arising from chronic periodontitis or chronic periapical abscesses (ie, inflammation and abscess of the tissue attached to the apex of the root) may lead to subacute bacterial endocarditis (BE) and glomerulonephritis (GN). Oral microorganisms can include fungal, protozoal, and viral species. Periodontitis is a common chronic bacterial infection of the supporting structures of the teeth. The relative risk of cardiovascular disease is doubled in persons with periodontal disease. A bacterial infection can lead to sores and swelling in the mouth. Infections may be caused by an overgrowth of organisms normally present in the mouth or by newly introduced organisms, such as the bacteria that cause syphilis or gonorrhea. Bacterial infections from teeth or gums can spread to form a pus-filled pocket of infection (abscess) or cause widespread inflammation.

Food borne illness is an ever-present threat that can be prevented with proper care and handling of food products. Parasites, fungi, viruses and bacteria can cause food borne illness. Bacteria related food poisoning is the most common. More than 90 percent of the cases of food poisoning each year are caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, and Entero-pathogenic Escherichia coli. These bacteria are commonly found on many raw foods. Normally a large number of food-poisoning bacteria must be present to cause illness. Infants, older persons, women who are pregnant and anyone with a compromised immune system are especially susceptible to food-borne illness. Foodborne illnesses are infections or irritations of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract caused by food or beverages that contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, or chemicals. Salmonella is by far the biggest culprit of serious food poisoning cases in the United States. Toxoplasma is the parasite seen most often in cases of food poisoning.

Occupational epidemiology is of great importance in clinical epidemiology and of occupational hygiene since it provides powerful and good information to understand the causes and determinants of work related ill-health, to help establish what steps should be taken to reduce occupational risks, and to evaluate interventions for the benefits of workers, and of the community in a bigger manner. Many organisms live in and on our bodies which are normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person.

Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. Most gonoccocal infections are asymptomatic and self-resolving, and epidemic strains of the meningococcus may be carried in >95% of a population where systemic disease occurs at <1% prevalence.

Many bacterial Infection forms biofilms with which its pathogenic nature increases.  The vast majority of these compounds exert their antibiofilm properties through disruption of "quorum sensing," a common means of intercellular communication in bacterial communities that allows coordinated expression of virulence factors and facilitates formation of the complex architecture of mature bacterial biofilms causing zoonotic bacterial diseases. Certain pathogens like Pseudomonas syringe injects virulence in plant host causing diseases. For the Diagnosis of Pathogenic microorganisms Direct Examination and Techniques includes Immunofluorescence, immuno-peroxidase staining, and other immunoassays may detect specific microbial antigens. Genetic probes identify genus- or species-specific DNA or RNA sequences.

Humans are associated with microorganisms, as they even colonize in the body like S.aureus in the upper respiratory tract but it may not be harmful to the host and micro inflammation is a body’s defensive response towards an invading microorganism as an effort for self-protection to eradicate harmful stimuli. There are innate immune systems (primary defense mechanism) and adaptive immune system (secondary defence mechanism). Immunogenetics is a subspeciality of medicine that studies the relationship between genetics and immunology. Immunogenetics helps in understanding the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and infectious diseases and bacterial infections under clinical bacteriology also. The effect of pathogen on host not only depends upon the virulence factor but also depend upon the host’s genetic background. Some species shows innate susceptibility to pathogen not with host like syphilis, gonorrhoea, measles and poliomyelitis act on humans alone. The anatomical defense includes penetration of bacteria through the cut, puncture or scrap on the skin. There are some others like phagocytosis, inflammation through which bacteria can enter the host. Cell mediated immunity cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.CD4 cells. For a good and proper health conditions, there is a need to improve immune systems. In the total adult population of US only 3% are able to manage the stress (10%), energy (15%) and sleep (11%) and a compromised immune system simultaneously.

Diagnostic Pathology involves with examination of body tissues and their examination, Microscopical study of abnormal tissue development, disease determination, histopathology of lesions and sometimes post-mortem. It does research on critical diagnosis in surgical pathology. Many diseases are associated with bacterial infections. A pathogen predisposes to diseases states but may not cause disease. It may cause disease only in combinations (toxins exposure).Any disease causing gene that reduces survival and reproduction will eliminate itself over a number of generations therefore genetic diseases are self-extinguishing. For example, genes that encode sickle cell anaemia are maintained and persist down generations, as these genes protect against malaria, which kills millions worldwide every year. About 70% deaths in US results from chronic diseases and the treatment accounting 75% of all US healthcare costs (amounting to $ 1.7 trillion in 2009).

During the past 10 years, genomics and bacterial genomics based approaches have had a profound impact on the field of microbiology and our understanding of microbial species. Because of their larger genome sizes, genome sequencing efforts on fungi and unicellular eukaryotes were slower to get started than projects focused on prokaryotes; however, today there are a number of genome sequences available from both of these groups of organisms that have led to significant improvements in overall sequence annotation and also shed considerable light on novel aspects of their biology. Molecular systems biology is an integrative discipline that seeks to explain the properties and behaviour of complex biological systems in terms of their molecular components and their interactions. Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. According to the World Health Organization more than 1 million people acquire a sexually transmitted infection (STI) every day and an estimated 500 million people become ill with Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis or trichomoniasis every year.

Global Review under microbial Testing of microbial enzyme in the Industrial Market (IMMR-4) is a new, extensively researched analysis of the sizable market for microbiological testing in the industrial market. IMMR-4 tracks and compares microbiology test volumes, market values and methods used by companies in the production of safe and wholesome products that meet label claims. IMMR-4 includes global test volumes and growth in industrial microbiology with further analysis of market sectors, geographic regions, test methods, organisms tested and sample sources. Current market values are detailed as well as projected through 2019. With five-year projections of both testing volumes and market value, IMMR-4 provides critical input to strategic planning. Synthetic genomics is useful for the synthesis of DNA. It gives the methods which are the combination of chemical and computational techniques. By this combination of methods the work which is almost impossible by using conventional techniques became easier. It is possible to design and assemble the whole genome by using synthetic genomics. Applied microbiology is a branch deals with application of microorganisms in the field of science for the production of human beneficial products such as medicines, antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, biotechnological engineered products and also in food technology as fermentation products.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most common hospital-acquired infections. Surgical site infections are defined as infections occurring up to 30 days after surgery and affecting either the incision or deep tissue at the operation site. Surgical site infections considered as a major problem in health care centers, resulting in extended length of stay, substantial associated morbidity and mortality, and high excess hospital cost. Infections after surgery are caused by germs. The most common of these include the bacteria Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas. Germs can infect a surgical wound through various forms of contact, such as from the touch of a contaminated caregiver or surgical instrument, through germs in the air, or through germs that are already on or in your body and then spread into the wound. Most SSIs can be treated with antibiotics.

Vaccination is a process of administration of an antigenic material (vaccine) into a living mechanism. The clinical effect desired is to cause stimulation of an individual's immune system in order to develop an adaptive immunity against the pathogen constituting the vaccine. Vaccination is the most effective method of prevention for infectious diseases. Vaccine Adjuvants are components which potentiate the immune system and accelerate the immune responses to an antigen. It can also be termed as an immunologic adjuvant. These components act to induce, prolong, and enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine antigens.

Antimicrobial is the agent that kills or restricts the cell growth. To fight against the potential bacteria now-a-days, the manufacturing companies are coming up with more advanced antimicrobial liquids/soaps/sanitizers. Immunization/Vaccination is one of the most cost effective public health interventions to date, saving millions of lives1 and protecting countless children from illness and disability. As a direct result of immunization, polio is on the verge of eradication. Deaths from measles, a major child killer, declined by 71 per cent worldwide and by 80 per cent in sub Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2011.2 And 35 of 59 priority countries have eliminated maternal and neonatal tetanus.

Emerging infectious diseases are those which are caused by bacteria like E.coli, Salmonella, H.pylori, N.gonorrhoeae, N.meningitidis, S.aureus, and S.bacteria. It includes diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections. Case Reports in Clinical Pathology and industrial microbiology supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood, tissues, and other body fluids. There are types of specimens used clinical pathology. They are blood, urine, sputum, faeces, and other body fluids. It deals with women's complaints gynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, '.Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering", and -logia (-λογία), "an account of") is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medicine and diagnosis. Pathology is a branch of medical science primarily concerning the examination of organs, tissues, and bodily fluids in order to make a diagnosis of disease.

The lung is exposed to enormous quantities of air and to potentially infectious agents. The most common causes of bacterial lung infections in normal hosts include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus species, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pneumonia is a common lung infection where the lungs’ air sacks become inflamed. These sacs may also fill with fluid, pus, and cellular debris. It can be caused by viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Pneumonia can make it difficult for to get enough oxygen to your blood, which can cause cells to not work properly. Pneumonia can be particularly dangerous for infants, children, and toddlers. In infants, difficulty breathing may show up as flaring nostrils or chest sinking when breathing. Bacteria pneumonia is caused by bacteria that works its way into the lungs and then multiplies. It can occur on its own or develop after another illness, like a cold or the flu.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): This is the most common type of bacterial pneumonia. CAP occurs when you get an infection after exposure to bacterial agents outside of a healthcare setting. You can get CAP by breathing in respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes, or by skin-to-skin contact.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): HAP occurs within two to three days of exposure to germs in a medical setting, such as a hospital or doctor’s office. This is also called a “nosocomial infection.” This type of pneumonia is often more resistant to antibiotics and more is difficult to treat than CAP.

Bacterial gastroenteritis happens when bacteria causes an infection in your gut. This causes inflammation in stomach and intestines. While viruses cause many gastrointestinal infections, bacterial infections are also common. Some people call this infection “food poisoning.”  Symptoms are vomiting, severe abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Bacterial gastroenteritis can result from poor hygiene. Infection can also occur after close contact with animals or consuming food or water contaminated with bacteria (or the toxic substances bacteria produce).

Symptoms of bacterial gastroenteritis

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pains and cramps
• Blood in your stools
• Fever

Causes of bacterial gastroenteritis

Numerous bacteria can cause gastroenteritis, including:

• Yersinia, found in pork
• Staphylococcus, found in dairy products, meat, and eggs
• Shigella, found in water (often swimming pools)
• Salmonella, found in meat, dairy products, and eggs
• Campylobacter, found in meat and poultry
• E. coli, found in ground beef and salads

Prevention / Treatment

The best ways to prevent gastrointestinal infection include:

• Proper hand-washing
• Disinfecting of contaminated surfaces with bleach
• Identifying infected patients as soon as possible to implement extended infection control
• Rehydration – oral and sometimes intravenous
• Antibiotics may be recommended in particularly severe cases of gastroenteritis, or if a specific bacteria has been identified as the cause.

Bacteria may be better than chemicals or absorbent materials at controlling emissions of volatile solvents that contribute to low-level smog and at eliminating the odors of sewage treatment plants and composting operations. Although the use of bacteria to clean up pollution on land and in water is still in the experimental stage. Remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater is often a costly and complicated affair. One of the newer methods within bioremediation is to utilize the ability of bacteria to break down a number of chemical substances, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and oil components. Bioremediation can utilize naturally occurring bacteria or bacteria that have been added and contain special characteristics to decompose the unwanted chemicals. In both cases, it is important to monitor and control the bacteria and their activity during the process. Some species of bacteria have been used as indicators in monitoring environmental quality, e.g. Coliform, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp., Clostridia sp., Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Arcobacter sp., Thiobacillus sp., and etc. The bacteria act as an indicator of household waste, heavy metal pollution, crude oils and other pollution.