6^th Annual Bacteriology and Parasitology Meeting September 13-14, 2017 Singapore

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms and the part of microbiological science which encompasses the study of bacteria is known as “Bacteriology”. Major researches in bacteriology over the past years resulted in the development of many useful vaccines. Bacterial ecology is defined as the interaction between bacteria and with their environment. Bacteria play a vital role in the biosphere and certain key processes, such as, the production and oxidation of methane, soil formation, conversion of rock to soil etc. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms and the part of microbiological science which encompasses the study of bacteria is known as “Bacteriology”. Major researches in bacteriology over the past years resulted in the development of many useful vaccines. The ancestors of present bacteria were said to be first forms of life on earth. Bacterial cells are about 0.5-5.0 micrometres in length. Bacteria exists in different shapes like single celled, diploid (Neisseria), chains (Streptococcus), filaments (Actinobacteria).Bacteria lack membrane bound organelles, contains single loop DNA, it generally undergo conjugation. There are techniques like staining to differentiate Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Compared to virus, cost for antibiotics is low still 700 million infections were found every year with the mortality rate of 0.1% normally and in severe conditions it is about 25%.

Accurate and definitive microorganism identification, including bacterial identification and pathogen detection, is essential for correct disease diagnosis, treatment of infection and trace-back of disease outbreaks associated with microbial infections. Bacterial identification is used in a wide variety of applications including microbial forensics, criminal investigations, bio-terrorism threats and environmental studies. Traditional methods of bacterial identification rely on phenotypic identification of the causative organism using gram staining, culture and biochemical methods. However, these methods of bacterial identification suffer from two major drawbacks. First, they can be used only for organisms that can be cultivated in vitro. Second, some strains exhibit unique biochemical characteristics that do not fit into patterns that have been used as a characteristic of any known genus and species. In the past decade or so, molecular techniques have proven beneficial in overcoming some limitations of traditional phenotypic procedures for the detection and characterization of bacterial phenotypes. Several non-culture based methods have emerged in the past 15 years. Real time PCR and microarrays are currently the most commonly employed molecular techniques. Real time PCR is highly sensitive and allows quantitation of bacteria at a species level. Microarray based bacterial identification relies on the hybridization of preamplified bacterial DNA sequences to arrayed species-specific oligonucleotides. Each probe is tagged with a different colored dye which fluoresces upon hybridization.

Many bacterial Infection  forms biofilms with which its pathogenic nature increases.  The vast majority of these compounds exert their ant biofilm properties through disruption of "quorum sensing," a common means of intercellular communication in bacterial communities that allows coordinated expression of virulence factors and facilitates formation of the complex architecture of mature bacterial biofilms causing zoonotic bacterial diseases. Certain pathogens like Pseudomonas syringe injects virulence in plant host causing diseases. For the Diagnosis of Pathogenic microorganisms Direct Examination and Techniques includes Immunofluorescence, immuno-peroxidase staining, and other immunoassays may detect specific microbial antigens. Genetic probes identify genus- or species-specific DNA or RNA sequences. Forensic evidence involves application of forensic science, technology or "forensics", in order to identify the scene of an accident, specific objects from the trace evidence and often at a crime scene. It is usually submitted to court, which are obtained by scientific methods like by blood test, DNA test. Diagnostic Pathology deals with examination of body tissues and their examination. Microscopical study of abnormal tissue development, disease determination, histopathology of lesions and sometimes post-mortem. It does research on critical diagnosis in surgical pathology.

Clinical Reviews of infectious diseases and Clinical bacteriology supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood, tissues, and other body fluids. There are types of specimens used clinical pathology. They are blood, urine, sputum, faeces, and other body fluids, in which it deals with health care, especially the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the female reproductive system. The market is segmented on the basis of geography, such as, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. At present, North America and Europe are the most prominent markets, owing to growing prevalence of various gram-positive bacterial infections and associated diseases. However, Asia-Pacific and some countries in Rest of the World region are expected to show lucrative growth in upcoming period, owing to rapidly growing prevalence and awareness about the diseases caused due to gram-positive bacteria and their chronic effects. The value of microbials and microbial physiology microbials market is projected to increase to $4,456.37 million by 2019 at a CAGR of 15.3% from 2014. The market is expected to show a prominent growth during the forecast period 2014 – 2020.

The science dealing with parasites and parasitism is “Parasitology”. The objective is to study the environmental dependence of parasite and host. Parasitic diseases include infections that are due to various parasitic organisms such as protozoa, helminths and arthropods. 

Parasitic infections are caused by parasites. Few parasites affect the host, grow and give off toxins resulting an infection. Parasitic infections can be spread through various ways such as contaminated water, waste, food, blood etc. Parasites usually enter the body through the mouth or skin. Parasitic infections can be caused by three types of organisms: Protozoa, Helminths. Ectoparasites.

A worm classified as a parasite also known as “Helminths”. Parasitic flatworms feed on blood, tissue fluids, or pieces of cells inside the bodies of their hosts. They are often referred to as intestinal worms. The word helminth comes from Greek hélmins, a kind of worm. Helminths are worm-like organisms living in and feeding on living hosts, receiving nourishment and protection while disrupting their hosts' nutrient absorption, causing weakness and disease. Those that live inside the digestive tract are called intestinal parasites. They can live inside humans and other animals. In their adult form, helminths cannot multiply in humans. Helminths are able to survive in their mammalian hosts for many years due to their ability to manipulate the immune response by secreting immunomodulatory products. Helminth ova (or eggs) have a strong shell that protects the eggs against a range of environmental conditions.

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Salmonella are found worldwide in both cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals, and in the environment. Most people infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps between 12 and 72 hours after infection. Salmonellosis is an infection caused due to Salmonella bacteria. The symptoms include diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramp. The two major diseases caused by salmonella are enteritis that causes osteomyelitis in Children already suffering from sickle cell anemia and typhoid fever along with hypovolemic and septic shocks.

During the past 10 years, genomics and bacterial genomics based approaches have had a profound impact on the field of microbiology and our understanding of microbial species. Because of their larger genome sizes, genome sequencing efforts on fungi and unicellular eukaryotes were slower to get started than projects focused on prokaryotes; however, today there are a number of genome sequences available from both of these groups of organisms that have led to significant improvements in overall sequence annotation and also shed considerable light on novel aspects of their biology. Molecular systems biology is an integrative discipline that seeks to explain the properties and behaviour of complex biological systems in terms of their molecular components and their interactions. Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. According to the World Health Organization more than 1 million people acquire a sexually transmitted infection (STI) every day and an estimated 500 million people become ill with Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis or trichomoniasis every year. Approximately 40% of the bacterial species that have been targeted for genome analysis represent important human pathogens. Approximately 40% of the bacterial species based on bacterial pathogenesis that have been targeted for genome analysis represent important human pathogens. Using a whole genome shotgun approach, Tyson et al. (2004) were able to reconstruct two almost complete genome sequences of Leptospirillum group II and Ferro plasma type II and the partial sequence of three other species from a low complexity acid mine drainage biofilm growing underground within a pyrite or body.

Helicobacter pylori (see the image below) is a ubiquitous organism that is present in about 50% of the global population. Chronic infection with H pylori causes atrophic and even metaplastic changes in the stomach, and it has a known association with peptic ulcer disease. The most common route of H pylori infection is either oral-to-oral or fecal-to-oral contact.

Treatment of viral infections such as HIV involves patient care and moral support including antiretroviral therapy. Bacterial infections can be treated by administering antibiotics to the patients. Yeast infections can be primarily treated by sterilisation methods. Parasitic infections can be treated by antiparasitic drugs. Diseases such as cancer can be treated by chemotherapy. Recent techniques have proved that there is no disease that cannot be treated.

Vaccines are the products that are able to produce immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injections, by mouth and by aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends getting 28 doses of 10 vaccines for kids aged 0 to six. No US federal laws mandate vaccination, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations for children entering public schools. Most states offer medical and religious exemptions; and some states allow philosophical exemptions.

Emerging infectious diseases are those which are caused by bacteria like E.coli, Salmonella, H.pylori, N.gonorrhoeae, N.meningitidis, S.aureus, and S.bacteria. It includes diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections. Case Reports in Clinical Pathology and industrial microbiology supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood, tissues, and other body fluids. There are types of specimens used clinical pathology. They are blood, urine, sputum, faeces, and other body fluids. It deals with women's complaints gynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, '.Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering", and -logia (-λογία), "an account of") is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medicine and diagnosis. Pathology is a branch of medical science primarily concerning the examination of organs, tissues, and bodily fluids in order to make a diagnosis of disease.

The drugs used to treat such bacterial infections are called Antibiotics. Especially in US about $ 44.68 billion is expected to reach by 2016.In the period of 2005-2011, there is a growth rate of 6.6% annually. The manufacturing of antibiotics has increased gradually these days, so global demand for aminoglycoside antibiotics is about 79%, pencillin 8%, tetracyclines 4%, erythromycin 7%, streptomycin 1% and chloramphenicol shares about 1% in the antibiotic market globally. Certain bacteria provide benefits to plant including tolerance to temperature stress, salty soils, drought etc. so, there developed microbial seed and plan treatments to confer these stress conditions. It was reported that seed treatment market is trying to reach $ 6 billion by 2020 as it used to be $ 3.6 billion in 2003.

The consumables, equipment and technology markets in the industrial bacteriology and Microbiology industry comes around nearly $7.7 billion in 2012. This total is expected to grow from $8.5 billion in 2013 to $11.4 billion in 2018, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% for the five-year period, 2013 to 2018.

Zoonotic bacterial diseases are the disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice-versa. the causative organisms can be viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. The infectious diseases that fall under this category are anthrax, brucellosis, bubonic plague, cat-scratch disease, erysipeloid, glanders, leptospirosis, melioidosis, pasteurellosis, pneumonic plague, rat-bite fever, salmonellosis, septicemic plague, sodoku, tularemia and vietnamese tuberculosis.

In the forecast period Asia-Pacific regions of the world are considered as the most promising markets. In Asia Pacific virology market is anticipated to grow at a relatively faster rate throughout the forecast period, remaining the presence of high unmet demand in India and China,. 50% share is held by the hospitals and laboratory segments in the global virology market and it is forecasted to continue through 2025. Viruses are small foreign particles which causes replication only inside the living cells of other organisms. Virus affects all types of living organisms, including animals,plants & microorganisms, and lastly to bacteria’s. They acts as a media for transferring genes between different species.  Viruses are classified into different types.

Generally virology deals with the study of infectious agents such as Virulence, Viruses, Viral Taxonomy, Viral Cultures and Viral Genetics. It is a significant part of both microbiology and pathology. Virology is a part of applied sciences.

Viral evolution is the sub part of virology which is concerned in the evolution of viruses. It is an important aspect of sanitation of viral diseases. They are the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on earth.