12^th Annual Meet on Bacteriology & Applied Microbiology November 12-13, 2018 Singapore

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms and the part of microbiological science which encompasses the study of bacteria is known as “Bacteriology”. Major researches in bacteriology over the past years resulted in the development of many useful vaccines. Bacterial ecology is defined as the interaction between bacteria and with their environment. Bacteria play a vital role in the biosphere and certain key processes, such as, the production and oxidation of methane, soil formation, conversion of rock to soil etc. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms and the part of microbiological science which encompasses the study of bacteria is known as “Bacteriology”. Major researches in bacteriology over the past years resulted in the development of many useful vaccines. The ancestors of present bacteria were said to be first forms of life on earth. Bacterial cells are about 0.5-5.0 micrometres in length. Bacteria exists in different shapes like single celled, diploid (Neisseria), chains (Streptococcus), filaments (Actinobacteria).Bacteria lack membrane bound organelles, contains single loop DNA, it generally undergo conjugation. There are techniques like staining to differentiate Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Compared to virus, cost for antibiotics is low still 700 million infections were found every year with the mortality rate of 0.1% normally and in severe conditions it is about 25%.

Infections is the war between the pathogen and its host. It is important to understand the nature of both sides  to prevent and treat the infections, the microbiology testing market accounted for 5% in the global IVD (In-Vitro Diagnostics) market and contributed $3556.7 million in 2013 to the IVD market, and is estimated to reach $4737.2 million by 2013 at a CAGR of 6.2% from 2013 to 2018. Lastly, Singapore’s IVD market is an estimated $89 million. Singapore has the highest rated healthcare system in Southeast Asia and a highly competitive IVD market. Many leading companies in the IVD industry are active in Singapore.

Plant Biotechnology  is a branch of bacteriology that deals with organisms associated with pathogenic for plants.This bacteria causes a small proportion of plant diseases, this does not mean that these diseases are unimportant. Other biotic agents implicated in plant diseases are fungi, viruses and nematodes, abiotic factors may also produce diseases like symptoms. Pathogenic tests can be done for the prevention of disease. There are 1,700 fortune organizations globally with more than 1200 premium studies in a year with a good market research firm worldwide annually.

Bacteria are microscopic, single-cell organisms that live almost everywhere. Bacteria live in every climate and location on earth. Some are airborne while others live in water or soil. Bacteria live on and inside plants, animals, and people. Bacterial ecology is defined as the interaction between bacteria and with their environment. Bacteria play a vital role in the biosphere and certain key processes, such as, the production and oxidation of methane, soil formation, conversion of rock to soil etc. Major researches in bacteriology over the past years resulted in the development of many useful vaccines. Bacterial cells are about 2 µm (micrometers) long and 0.5 µm in diameter. Bacteria exist in different shapes like rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), or helical (spirilla). Bacteria are lack membrane bound organelles, contains single loop DNA, it generally undergo conjugation. There are techniques like staining to differentiate Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Compared to virus, cost for antibiotics is low still 700 million infections were found every year.

Accurate and definitive bacterial identification is essential for correct disease diagnosis, treatment of infection and trace-back of disease outbreaks associated with microbial infections. Bacterial identification is used in a wide variety of applications including microbial forensics, criminal investigations, bio-terrorism threats and environmental studies. Traditional methods of bacterial identification rely on phenotypic identification of the causative organism using gram staining, culture and biochemical methods. For identification of bacteria tests can be done  like citrate utilization test, methyl red test, indole production test. In the past decade or so, molecular techniques have proven beneficial in overcoming some limitations of traditional phenotypic procedures for the detection and characterization of bacterial phenotypes. Several non-culture based methods have emerged in the past 15 years. Real time PCR and microarrays are currently the most commonly employed molecular techniques.

Clinical bacteriology supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood, tissues, and other body fluids. These are the types of specimens used in clinical pathology. They are blood, urine, sputum, and other body fluids, in which it deals with health care, especially the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the female reproductive system.The market is divided on the basis of geography, such as, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. Asia-Pacific and some countries in Rest of the World owing to ­­­rapidly growing prevalence and awareness about the diseases caused due to gram-positive bacteria and its chronic effects. Bacterial clinical studies include clinical microbiology and bacterial genome sequencing.The value of microbial and microbial physiology market is projected to increase to $4,456.37 million by 2019 at a CAGR of 15.3% from 2014.

During the past 10 years, genomics and bacterial genomics based approaches have had a profound impact on the field of microbiology and our understanding of microbial species. Because of their larger genome sizes, genome sequencing efforts on fungi and unicellular eukaryotes were slower to get started than projects focused on prokaryotes; however, today there are a number of genome sequences available from both of these groups of organisms that have led to significant improvements in overall sequence annotation and also shed considerable light on novel aspects of their biology. Molecular systems biology is an integrative discipline that seeks to explain the properties and behaviour of complex biological systems in terms of their molecular components and their interactions. Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. According to the World Health Organization more than 1 million people acquire a sexually transmitted infection (STI) every day and an estimated 500 million people become ill with Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis or trichomoniasis every year. Approximately 40% of the bacterial species that have been targeted for genome analysis represent important human pathogens. Approximately 40% of the bacterial species based on bacterial pathogenesis that have been targeted for genome analysis represent important human pathogens. Using a whole genome shotgun approach, Tyson et al. (2004) were able to reconstruct two almost complete genome sequences of Leptospirillum group II and Ferro plasma type II and the partial sequence of three other species from a low complexity acid mine drainage biofilm growing underground within a pyrite or body.

Innovations in applied  microbiology is  triggering now -a-days in various fields of research.  Their applications serve as Exo-microbiology, bio-weapons, bioremediation, biosensors, biomarkers, nanomicrobiology, predictive microbiology, evolutionary microbiology, pale microbiology, archaeomicrobiology. Some of the recent techniques include Magnetotactic bacteria and Magnetosomes. 

Medical Microbiology and Infection  is ideal for medical students, junior doctors, pharmacy students, junior pharmacists, nurses, and those training in the allied health professions. Pathogenic bacteria are inflammative bacteria which are capable of causing disease when enters into the body which can spread through water, air, soil and also through physical contact. Mostly bacteria’s are harmless and beneficial but some are pathogenic. The global medical and clinical microbiology market is valued at $6,727.29 million in 2014 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 13.03% between 2014 and 2019. Increasing disease burden of infectious diseases under industrial microbiology and increased funding for healthcare expenditure are the important growth drivers for this market during the forecast period.

Dairy Microbiology division is currently engaged in research, Broadly , the research work of the division covers the area related to starter culture and fermented milk products; indigenous probiotics, their functional efficacy. The industrial microbiology market is large and growing, the second largest diagnostics market after clinical diagnostics in test volume and market value. More than 90,000 industrial plants worldwide conduct close to 2 billion tests each year, which respects a market value of $6.5 billion.

The aquatic microbiology research group at the Institute collaborates widely with academics and commercial organizations worldwide, to identify bacterial pathogens of significance that impact on the production of sustainable aquaculture. It included identification of spoilage organisms as well as investigation of methods to control the growth of the bacterium Listeria monocytegenes which is identified as the cause of foodborne illness in humans.Nucleic acid based diagnostics gradually are replacing or complements culture based biochemical, and immunology assay in routine microbiology laboratories. Virology and bacteriology market 2020: supplier shares, competitive strategies, country volume and sales segment forecasts for 100 tests, innovative technologies, instrumentation review, emerging opportunities.

A Bio fertilizer (also bio-fertilizer) is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. Bio-fertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of bio-fertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Since they play several roles, a preferred scientific term for such beneficial bacteria is "plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria" (PGPR). Therefore, they are extremely advantageous in enriching soil fertility and fulfilling plant nutrient requirements by supplying the organic nutrients through microorganism and their byproducts. Hence, bio-fertilizers do not contain any chemicals which are harmful to the living soil.

Note : Blue-green algae cultured in specific media. Blue-green algae can be helpful in agriculture as they have the capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to soil. This nitrogen is helpful to the crops. Blue-green algae is used it as a bio-fertilizer.

Vaccines are the products that are able to produce immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injections, by mouth and by aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends getting 28 doses of 10 vaccines for kids aged 0 to six. No US federal laws mandate vaccination, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations for children entering public schools. Most states offer medical and religious exemptions; and some states allow philosophical exemptions.

Recent advances in vaccine technology stemming from the application of genetic engineering are now providing an opportunity to target new diseases. The previous century’s successes in reducing the primary causes of mortality in childhood now include protecting against infectious agents that can result in significant morbidity. Scientific progress and these broadened applications will no doubt result in improved health-based outcomes, but progress often comes at a significant short-term cost. Although it is true that improved outcomes are the goal of health care technology and that preventing disease is preferable to treatment, thus reducing overall costs, confusion persists about the best course going forward. For example, the use of new vaccines for human papillomavirus (HPV) must result in fewer cases of cervical cancer as well as in reduced cost savings in related medical expenses, such as for Pap smears and colposcopies. In this way, a manufacturer might be able to differentiate its product from a competing one.

Microorganisms make good weapons and bioterrorism has been known to exist since centuries. This has most recently been highlighted by the terrorist attack using anthrax in the fall of 2001 in U.S. Although such attacks of bioterrorism are few, forensic evidence to criminally prosecute the perpetrator is necessary. To strengthen defence against bio crimes, a comprehensive technological network involving various fields needs to be developed. Microbial forensics is one such new discipline combining microbiology and forensic science. It uses advanced molecular techniques like microarray analysis and DNA fingerprinting etc. to associate the source of the causative agent with a specific individual or group by measuring variations between related strains. High quality assurance and quality control standards for microbial forensics will ensure highly reliable results that will stand up in the court of law. The more precise and refined a microbial system becomes, the more proper guidelines for investigations will be defined. An integrated approach towards developing this field of microbial forensics needs to be followed, to meet the challenges of bioterrorism more effectively.

Microbial Forensics is currently in its developing stage. It will be most effective if there is sufficient basic scientific information concerning microbial genetics, evolution, physiology, and ecology. Better controls are needed to protect legitimate users and to deter criminal dissemination of dangerous microorganisms or their toxic by-products. Better information and/or access to information is required on those individuals who have access to these pathogens so threats can be deterred or effectively traced back to possible sources.

Microbial biotechnology involves the exploitation, genetic manipulation and alterations of micro-organisms to make commercial valuable products and that also involves fermentation and various upstream and downstream processes. Microorganisms produce an amazing array of valuable products such as macromolecules (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrate polymers, even cells) or smaller molecules and are usually divided into metabolites that are essential for vegetative growth (primary metabolites) and those which give advantages over adverse environment (secondary metabolites). They usually produce these compounds in small amounts that are needed for their own benefit.

Microbes have been around for more than 3.5 billion years. That makes them the oldest form of life on Earth. For the past six million years they have been evolving together with humans. As they have changed over time, microbes and humans have formed complex relationships with each other. Humans need microbes to stay healthy, and many microbes need the environments provided by the human body to survive. Nature is beautiful and is packed with a variety of species and organisms. Microorganisms are one among them. Microorganisms include those organisms which are too tiny to be observed by naked eyes. They may be either unicellular or multicellular. They can be beneficial, harmless or disease causing pathogen.

Molecular biology has revolutionized the study of microorganisms in the environment and improved our understanding of the composition, phylogeny, and physiology of microbial communities. The current molecular toolbox encompasses a range of DNA-based technologies and new methods for the study of RNA and proteins extracted from environmental samples.

Veterinary Microbiology which is an important platform, gives veterinarians and microbiologists an inter-disciplinary forum, so that they can study various aspects of the infections which is caused by the pathogenic microorganisms. Bacterial, viral & fungal infections is developed in the animals, specially cattle by providing an in-depth understanding of ramifications of the microbial infections on the well-being of the animal, human health, and the economy. Primarily  it deals with the diagnosis of diseases of the animals. This field, which   deals with the ethics, animal husbandry, epidemiology, infection control, , and dairy technology.

By bacteria like E.coli, Salmonella, H.pylori, N.gonorrhoeae, N.meningitidis, S.aureus, and S.bacteria. It includes diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections. Case Reports in Clinical Pathology and industrial microbiology supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood, tissues, and other body fluids. There are types of specimens used clinical pathology. They are blood, urine, sputum, faeces, and other body fluids. It deals with women's complaints gynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy.

 The drugs used to treat such bacterial infections are called Antibiotics. Especially in US about $ 44.68 billion is expected to reach by 2016.In the period of 2005-2011, there is a growth rate of 6.6% annually. The manufacturing of antibiotics has increased gradually these days, so global demand for aminoglycoside antibiotics is about 79%, pencillin 8%, tetracyclines 4%, erythromycin 7%, streptomycin 1% and chloramphenicol shares about 1% in the antibiotic market globally. Certain bacteria provide benefits to plant including tolerance to temperature stress, salty soils, drought etc. so, there developed microbial seed and plan treatments to confer these stress conditions. It was reported that seed treatment market is trying to reach $ 6 billion by 2020 as it used to be $ 3.6 billion in 2003.

The consumables, equipment and technology markets in the industrial bacteriology and Microbiology industry comes around nearly $7.7 billion in 2012. This total is expected to grow from $8.5 billion in 2013 to $11.4 billion in 2018, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% for the five-year period, 2013 to 2018.

• Molecular Parasitology
• Microbial Genetics
• Innate and Adaptive Immunity
• Bacteriology
• Host interactions and System Biology
• T-cell immunity

Molecular microbiology is the branch of microbiology that deals with molecular mechanisms and physiological processes that occur in microorganisms.

Related Microbiology Conferences | Immunology Conferences | Immunology Events:

10th International Clinical and Cellular Immunology Conferences, August 6-7, 2018 Madrid, Spain; Annual Immunology & Immunotechnology Conferences, September 13-14, 2018 Zurich, Switzerland; 12th International Allergy & Clinical Immunology Conferences, October 1-2, 2018 Moscow, Russia; 9th European Immunology Conferences, June 14-16, 2018 Rome, Italy; 3rd International Autoimmunity Conferences, November 26-27, 2018 Dublin, Ireland; Microbiology Society Annual Conference, April 10-13, 2018, Birmingham, UK; Clinical Virology Symposium, May 6–9, 2018, Florida; ASM Microbe 2018, June 7–11, Atlanta; 10th Edition of International Conferences on Advanced Microbiology, June 14-16, 2018, London, UK; 7th Global Summit on Microbiology Research, August 13-14 2018, Madrid, Spain.

Related Societies and Associations:

The American Society for Cell Biology; International Union of Immunological Societies; The International Cell Death Society;  European Federation for Immunogenetics; American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The American association of Immunologist; Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution; American Society of Gene Therapy.

Bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology, the major subfields of microbiology are first covered with the general concepts of cytology and physiology of different microbes and then with major pathogens of humans. Stress on the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, provide the audience with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The concepts and emerging trends in pathogenesis of microbes and their virulence mechanisms, their genetic background provide a deep insight into the understanding of disease establishment and progression. Recent research on nematodes and protozoans will contribute in making advancements in the emerging studies. Knowledge on parasites, diversified roles and their interactions with the host will bring awareness on the importance and existence of extremely minute organisms.  The next section comprises of introduction to the Polymicrobial diseases and the tropical diseases, arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations. Microbial generations are smart enough to bring about a change in their resistance patterns, thereby paving a way for development of newer strategies and emerging trends in combating the microbial infections.  There has been an enormous modification in the diagnostic methods and tools starting from the basic nucleic acid probing to circulating biomarker studies.

Public-Health   involves science, technology and biomedicine for healthcare. Diagnostics methods like physical examination, medical history, medical imaging cover the basics of first diagnosis of illness which follow further laboratory diagnosis of patient blood for any infectious agents. Health care is considered in the application of the knowledge which acquires through health science. Health care can be provided through a variety of fields, including pharmacy, dentistry and medicine fields.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology includes the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture and processing of drugs e.g. decreasing the number of microorganisms in a process environment, removing microorganisms and microbial residues like endotoxin and exotoxin from water and other starting materials, and confirming the finished pharmaceutical product is free of contamination i.e., sterile. Other important aspects of Pharmaceutical Microbiology include the research and development of antibiotic resistance, anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to detect carcinogenic and mutagenic activity in expected drugs, and the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products like human growth hormone and insulin. Pharmaceutical microbiology also focuses on drug safety. Pathogenic bacteria, fungi (moulds and yeasts) and toxins produced by microorganisms are all possible contaminants of pharmaceutical products or medicines. Pharmaceutical Microbiology also focuses on determining how a product will react in cases of contamination.

Microorganisms attach to surfaces and develop biofilms. Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and the up- and down- regulation of specific genes. Attachment is a complex process regulated by diverse characteristics of the growth medium, substratum, and cell surface. An established biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. Cells may also communicate via quorum sensing, which may in turn affect biofilm processes such as detachment. Biofilms have great importance for public health because of their role in prevention of certain infectious diseases and importance in a variety of device-related infections. A greater understanding of biofilm processes should lead to novel, effective control strategies for biofilm control and a resulting improvement in patient management.

Industrial microbiology applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities. There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism to increase maximum product yields. Introduction of mutations into an organism many be accomplished by introducing them to mutagens. Another way to increase production is by gene amplification, this is done using plasmids, and vectors. The plasmids and/ or vectors are used to incorporate multiple copies of a specific gene that would allow more enzymes to be produced that eventually cause more product yield. The manipulation of organisms in order to yield a specific product has many applications to the real world like the production of some antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, solvents, alcohol and daily products. They can also be used in an agricultural application and use them as a biopesticide instead of using dangerous chemicals or as inoculants and help plant proliferation.